Archaic Age (~750 to ~500 BC):

• Orientalizing Period
• What are the various aspects of Greek civilization that this contact with the East changed and how did these aspects change (social customs, food, religion, writing)?
  
• Ways/areas literacy changed Greek civilization (literature, philosophy, historiography, medicine, law)
  
• Warfare
• What were the changes in military equipment?
  
• What were the changes in military tactics?
• Terms: phalanx, hoplos, hoplite, Argive shield
  
• How did these changes affect other topics listed here?
• The Polis
• What are the key elements in the definition of the polis?
• What is synoikism and why is it important to the formation of the polis?
• How was the polis afftected by the other topics listed here?
• Colonization
• What areas were colonized? Why did it cease?
• Steps involved in colonization: What are the factors which influenced the choice of a site? Describe the leader-who was he and what was his role? 1st Colonists—who were they and what did they gain? How did some relate to the ‘natives?’ Women? Later colonists?
• How did colonization affect life on the mainland?
• Tyranny
• Defn. of tyranny, how long did a tyranny last in an individual polis, who typically became tyrants, how did they rule, and why did tyranny arise?
• How did tyranny affect the polis and Greek religion?
• Archaic Age Literature
• What do the poems of Archilochus and the poem of Tyrtaeus tell us about how the "Heroic/Homeric" Code has been transformed, adapted, abandoned in the Archaic Age and why?
• What does the poetry of Archilochus, Alcaeus, Mimnermus, Ibycus, Anacreon, and Sappho tell us about women in the Archaic Age?
• What can we learn from the examples of greek humor provided in Kebric, Ch. 1?
• Who are Hesiod, Thales, Xenophanes, and what did they do?
• Pan-hellenic institutions
• Sanctuary sites (e.g. Delphi) what were they and why were they important?
• The "big four:"  Names, how often held, prizes at games, prizes when victor's got home? What did the sponsors of chariot and horse races gain? What happened to cheaters? Deities associated with the "major" major games?
• The Olympic games: Program for the 5 days? How religious? What is an agon & how does it relate to the heroic code? what was the origin of many of the contests? Competitors: who originally,  amateur? professional? Spectators--who, conditions, who not?
• Minor Games: an example, prizes, eventual number?
• The Gymnasium-defn, funding, importance
• Sexuality
• Male/male relationship: what were the restrictions placed on citizen to citizen relationships? citizen to slave relations? what function did it serve for the polis? how was it affirmed in Greek myth?
• Female/female? Male/female--marriage ages?, "love"?

Sparta (Eunomia)

What is eunomia? What did the Spartan government look like before the First Messenian War (kingship, gerousia, apella, ephors)? When/why did Sparta conquer Messenia? What effect did the conquest have on Sparta? How did the defeat at Hysiai in 669 BC affect the Spartan military; their view of themselves and of the Heroic Code? Their politeia? What does a Greek politeia refer to? What is the key underlying fact of the Spartan politeia? What are the Agoge and the Syssition? Stages involved in the Agoge? Their training? Relations between individuals? What was the position of women? Their training? Marriage? Peloponessian League? Treatment of Persian envoys? Foreign policy changes?

• Prior to Solon: What was the Athenian state like before Solon? Colonization? Key terms: Archons, Council of Areopagus, Assembly, Tribes, Phratries. What was the significance of Cylon's attempt at tyranny? What was lawgiver Draco known for? Significant changes that Draco made?
  
• Solon: What was the aim of Solons reforms? How different from that of Sparta's? What were his reforms? Especially in regard to: the abolition of debt; the four property classes; the change in the eligibility for the offices; judicial & economic reform,  3 key reforms leading to democracy according to Aristotle
• The Pisistratids: Why did the tyranny arise? How did Pisistratus seize power? What were the important changes Pisistratus made in the Political arena? The religious sphere? The artistic sphere?
• Kleisthenes: What is isonomia?  The tribes: How did he reform the tribes? Why was the change important?  The demes: What was the key power of the demes? What did they replace and why was this important?  The Boule: What was it? Who was in it? How did citizens become part of the Boule? What was its function?  The Assembly: What function did it serve?
• After Kleisthenes: Generals: What was the new system like? Ostracism: what is it? how was it used between 490 and 480? Silver mines: what is the importance of the find of new silver at the mines? how was the silver used? who persuaded the Athenians?

Possible Essay Questions (use only class resources for the Greek part of the essay questions below)

• If President Obama were alive in ancient Greece (as an Athenian or as a Spartan), would he more likely be successful as an Athenian or a Spartan? Make sure you answer why and why not for both Athens and Sparta.
  

• We have seen that the heroic code (ways to achieve honor/fame and avoid dishonor/shame) has morphed during the Archaic Age. Discuss both generally and then how it morphed in Athens and in Sparta (i.e. a paragraph on each polis). Conclusions?