• Euboean Trade and Society
• Who were their first foreign contacts?
• First two areas for permanent trading posts? Why?
• How was the Lelantine War of 700 the last ‘Homeric’ war?
• Orientalizing Period
• Ways contact changed Greek art? Greek religion? Greek politics?
• Ways/areas literacy changed Greek civilization?
• The Polis—Political Innovation
• How was the formation of the polis affected by warfare? Colonization?
• What are the key elements in the definition of the polis?
• What is synoikism and why is it important to the formation of the polis?
• What common qualities did the Greek polis have with the Pheonician cities?
• What are the key elements in the definition of the ethnos?
• Colonization
• What areas were colonized? Why did it cease?
• What are the factors which influenced the choice of a site?
• How did some relate to the ‘natives?’
• What were the steps involved in colonization?
• Describe the leader-who was he and what was his role?
• 1st Colonists—who were they and what did they gain?
• How did colonization affect life on the mainland?
• Warfare and the New Morality
• What were the changes in military equipment?
• What were the changes in military tactics?
• How did these changes affect the Polis? Colonization? Heroic Code?
• Tyranny
• Who were the tyrants?
• How did they rule?
• Why did tyranny arise?
• How did they affect the polis?
• How did they affect Greek religion?
• Presocratic Philosohpers
• Know a key aspect of each's theory and/or contribution to the advancement of knowledge for: Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Pythagoras, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Democritus
• What were their overall contributions to Greek civilization?
• Pan-hellenic institutions
• Sanctuary sites (e.g. Delphi) what were they and why were they important?
• Games: What were the two most important games and what were some examples of the contests and what were their aims?

• Architecture and Sculpture
• What are a kouros and a kore?
• How did they change throughout the Archaic Age?
• How did the rise of sanctuary sites effect architecture?
• What are the three areas on a temple that had sculpture and what were the representational challenges of each?
• How did the temple sculptures change thematically?
• How are the friezes and columns of the Doric and Ionic orders different?
• Pottery
• What are the Orientalizing style and its characteristics?
• What is black figure style? The red figure style? Why is red figure style superior to black?
• What types of scenes are portrayed on pottery?

Sparta(Eunomia)

• What is eunomia?
• What did the Spartan government look like before the First Messenian War (kingship, gerousia, apella, ephors)?
• When/why did Sparta conquer Messenia? What effect did the conquest have on Sparta?
• How did the defeat at Hysiai in 669 BC affect the Spartan military; their view of themselves and of the Heroic Code? Their politeia?
• What does a Greek politeia refer to?
• What is the key underlying fact of the Spartan politeia?
• What are the Agoge and the Syssitia? Stages involved in the Agoge? Their training? Relations between individuals?
• What was the position of women? Their training? Marriage?
• What was Sparta’s response to the Persian conquest of Ionia in 540 BC and how did it affect Sparta?

• What was the Athenian state like before Solon? Colonization? Key terms Archons, Council of Areopagus, Assembly, Tribes, Phratries.
• What was the significance of Cylon's attempt at tyranny? What was lawgiver Draco known for?
• What were the aims, powers, and treatment of the lawgiver?
• Solon
• What was the aim of Solon’s reforms? How different from that of Sparta's
• What were his reforms? Especially in regard to: the abolition of debt; the four property classes; the change in the offices; the council of 400; judicial reform (women, economic, legal, 2 key reforms to Aristotle)
• The Pisistratids
• Why did the tyranny arise?
• How did Pisistratus seize power?
• What were the important changes Pisistratus made in the Political arena? The religious sphere? The artistic sphere?
• Who helped end the tyranny?
• Kleisthenes
• Why did Kleisthenes reform the Athenian constitution?
• What is isonomia?
• The tribes: How did he reform the tribes? Why was the change important?
• The demes: What was the key power of the demes? What did they replace and why was this important?
• The Boule: What was it? Who was in it? How did citizens become part of the Boule? What was its function?
• The Assembly: What function did it serve?
• After Kleisthenes
• Generals: What was the new system like?
• Ostracism: what is it? how was it used between 490 and 480?
• Silver mines: what is the importance of the find of new silver at the mines? how was the silver used? who persuaded the Athenians?

1) Politeia. By the time of the Persian Wars, Sparta and Athens were the two dominant cities in Greece. They each were representative of the two ideals of Greek government (eunomia and isonomia). For either Sparta or Athens, trace the development of its politeia, beginning with the Dark Ages and ending with the Persian Wars. In your essay give prominence to the important stimuli that shaped its politeia and what their effects on it were. Also make sure you give a brief but complete definition of what a politeia is.

2) The Archaic Age: The Archaic Age was marked not only by a dramatic increase in population in Greece as a whole, but by a dramatic change or adaption of almost every aspect of Greek civilization. We have also seen how each aspect had a significant impact on the development of othe  aspects. In your essay either a) outline the key developments in either Colonization or Warfare and delineate how these developments affected other aspects of Greek  civilization or b) discuss the role the relationship between the East and Greece played in shaping and developing Greek civilization (areas you may wish to cover are religion, literacy, the polis, and/or art).
 

 1) The Orientalizing Period: It is now generally recognized by Greek historians that the relationship between the East and Greece played a significant role in the shaping and development of Greece during the Archaic Age. Discuss. Areas you may wish to cover are religion, literacy, the polis, and art.

2) The Archaic Age: The Archaic Age was marked not only by a dramatic increase in population in Greece as a whole, but by a dramatic change or adaption of almost every aspect of Greek civilization. We have also seen how each aspect had a significant impact on the development of othe  aspects. In your essay outline the key developments in Colonization or Warfare and delineate how these developments affected other aspects of Greek  civilization.

3) Spartan Politeia: By the time of the Persian Wars, Sparta and Athens were the two dominant cities in Greece. They each were representative of the two ideals of Greek government (eunomia and isonomia). In your essay trace the development of the Spartan politeia, beginning with the Dark Ages and ending with the Persian Wars. In your essay give prominence to the important stimuli that shaped the Spartan politeia and what their effects were on the politeia. Also make sure you give a brief but complete definition of what a politeia is.

4) Athenian Politeia: By the time of the Persian Wars, Sparta and Athens were the two dominant cities in Greece. They each were representative of the two ideals of Greek government (eunomia and isonomia). In your essay trace the development of either the Athenian politeia, beginning with the Dark Ages and ending with the Persian Wars. In your essay give prominence to the important stimuli that shaped the Athenian politeia and what their effects were on the politeia. If you did not answer number 1), make sure you give a brief but complete definition of what a politeia is.