• Caesar and Pompey
• What was the reason for the civil war between Caesar and Pompey? When did it start?
• What are the important reforms of Caesar? What trend did he start that Octavian continued?
• Whom did Caesar name as his heir and adopted in his will? (trend here?)
• The Second Triumvirate:
• Who were the members of the second triumvirate?
• How did they split up the Roman world? What were the tasks in front of them?
• Where and when did Octavian defeat Antony? What happened in the end to Antony and Cleopatra?

• The Political Reforms of Augustus.
• What are the key titles/powers that Octavian/Augustus used?
• What did he offer to do on Jan 13, 27 B.C. and what was the Senate's response three days later?
• What role/powers did the Senate have in the new government?
• What role/powers did governors have in their provinces?
• How were governors picked and why was there a difference in the selection process?
• How was Egypt treated differently that other Roman territories?
• Whom did Augustus turn to to provide "new blood" into the ruling class?

• The Religious and Social Reforms of Augustus
• What was the nature of Augusus' religious reforms outside of Rome?
• What are some of the ways that Augustus tried to improve the moral climate of Rome?
• Were any of his social reforms successful?

• Augustan Art and Architecture
• What are some of Caesar's building projects in Rome that Augustus completed?
• What are some of the new building projects of Augustus in Rome?
• How Augustus used symbolism on his art & architecture (e.g. the Fora, the Horologium and the Ara Pacis, the Prima Porta statue, coinage)  to promote his programs & ideals?
• What are two of ways that Augustus promoted his programs in the provinces via art (i.e. what did he use for "sound bytes")?

• Succession: key requirements for succession; what happened to bad emperors
• Governing: role of emperor, bureaucracy (who involved), senate, governors, local aristocracy
• Classes--Senatorial and equestrian: where are they starting to come from (trend), source of income, differences between, career paths
• Army: size, length of service, bonus on retirement, peacetime work
• Other: Romanization of provinces: which areas most affected and why? Economic boon of Empire?

• Key terms: familia, paterfamilias, patria potestas
• What were relations between parents and children like? Why sometimes distance between mothers and children? How did the low life expectancy effect these?
• What were the virtues of an ideal mother?
• What were some of the ways to limit family size? Effective?
• What were some of the ways Augustus tried to increase family size? Successful?
• How were children expected to behave? Who often took care of them? Effects of this?
• How did the law and public opinion change about infanticide and orphans

• Who picked the marriage partners?
• Typical age for first marriage for girls? Boys?
• What happened at the betrothal? Reasons for?
• What is the dowry?
• What is the theme for the days on which one should not get married?
• What is the purpose of marriage?
• Related to the ceremony: What did the bride do the day before the marriage? How did she prepare herself on the morning of the marriage (hint: hair, veil, wreath, dress)? What took place at the bride's house? The procession? In front of the groom's house? Inside the groom's house? What did the bride do the morning after the wedding?
• What were the key reasons for many of the events in the marriage ceremony?
• How could husbands treat their wives? Could/did wives ever stand up for themselves?
• What were the virtues of an ideal wife?
• When were affairs permissible or not? Specifics?
• What was involved in divorce--reasons, dowry, children? How did Augustus change this?

• Childhood: What was it like? What were the virtues of the ideal daughter?
• What were the virtues of the ideal "woman"?
• What were the vices of the "unacceptable" woman?
• What did they consider as the causes, symptons, and treatment of hysteria
• What freedoms did women have?
• What occupations could they engage in?
• What were the dangers of cosmetics, who used, etc.?

1. Social: The Roman term familia refers to all that are under the authority of the father (pater)--i.e. the wife (sometimes), the sons (plus wives and children, if any), unmarried daughters (and sometimes married), slaves, and clients to some degree. Supporting your conclusions with good citations from the primary evidence in Shelton and evaluating the evidence in Shelton on both sides of the issue, answer one of the following questions:
    a) How was the treatment of wives by their husbands similar to and different from the treatment of slaves?
    b) How was the treatment of children by their fathers similar to and different from the treatment of slaves?

2. Political: Supporting your conclusions with good citations from the primary evidence in Shelton (where possible) and from the secondary evidence in Scarre, Kebric, and class notes, write on one of the following:
    a) Compare and contrast Augustus' key aims, achievements, morals, use of the media, etc. with that of a modern political leader (e.g. Guiliani or Bush).
    b) There can be observed a pattern in the changes made to the Roman political system starting with the Gracchi and continuing up to the fall of Rome in the fifth century A.D. Trace part of this pattern, starting with Pompey and ending with Nero, but focusing on Augustus--i.e. detail 1) what were the changes to the political system made by Augustus, 2) how those changes were either anticipated (positively or negatively) by things that Pompey, Caesar, and the 2nd triumvirate did, and 3) how Augustus' changes were continued on by the other Julio-Claudian emperors or modified by them.