I. Daily Life & Old Age (lecture notes, Tingay, Chapters 3, 14, & 15, and Kebric, Chapter 6-7)

• Calendar: What are the Kalends & Ides and how did their calendar system work?
• Water from the Aquaduct went to what three types of places?
• Baths: what are the basic rooms of the bath itself, what types of services were provided, men & women?
• Food, drink, sleep:
• What does each of these (taberna, popina, caupona, hospitia) provide?
• When did they eat their main meal? How long did a meal last? What happened at a typical meal?
• What did they eat? What did they eat with? What is garum?
• Old Age: What are some of the things the elderly could do? Advantages? Disadvantages?
• Houses: Upper Class: what are the functions of atrium, peristyle, triclinium, & lararium? Other rooms in a house? How decorated, e.g. what types of scenes are on the walls? What did most people live in?
• Name some public buildings at Pompeii that are typical of Roman towns.
• Name some private businesses that are typical of Roman towns.
• Entertainment:
• Buildings
• General: What are the key two advances that the Romans made in building techniques?
• Amphitheaters: The Colosseum: Why is its location significant and why did the Flavians call it the Colosseum?
• Circuses: What is the function a Circus? How many could they hold? What is the name of most important Circus at Rome?
• General Information
• Holidays: When did the Romans get time off?
• Games (Munera): When did they occur and why? What was the origin of the games? What was a typical day at the Colosseum like? What was a typical day at the Circus like?
• Gladiators and Charioteers: Who usually became gladiators or charioteers? How did their fans treat them? What could they earn if they were successful? What were some of the dangers they faced?

• Individual/family
• Who performed the sacrifices? Where? What?
• Why did the form of the sacrifice have to be correct?
• What part did omens, dreams, and portents play?
• The State
• What  was involved in sacrifice for the state throughout the empire? Who was involved? Who were the sacrifices to? How did these relate to political organization of the state?
• Mystery Religions/Cults
• What are some of the elements most mystery religions had in common? Why are they called 'mystery' religions?
• Who are the more important gods?
• What did these new foreign gods and their worship have in common with Christianity?
• Christianity (also Kebric Chapter 9)
• Why were the Christians mistrusted?
• What is the Roman view of Christians and Christianity as revealed by the selections from Tacitus, Pliny, Trajan, Fronto, and by the story of Vibia Perpetua
• What was the Christian response to the Roman charges, esp. those of Trajan and Fronto?

• The Flavian Dynasty (lecture notes and Tingay, pp. 103-104)
• Who were they? Whom/what did they succeed?
• What are some of the things they accomplished or were known for?
• What are the important art and architecture for their dynasty? Why?
• Five Good Emperors (& Commodus) (lecture notes and Tingay, Chapter 20)
• Who were they? Where are some from? How were they selected?
• What are some of the things each accomplished or were known for?
• If there are any, what are the important art and architecture for each?
• How do some of these reflect the times or personalities of 'their' emperors?
• How were things beginning to deteriorate during the reign of Marcus Aurelius? Get worse under Commodus?
• The Severan Dynasty (lecture notes, class discussion, and Kebric, Chapter 8)
• How do his religious beliefs reflect the age he lived in, including what attracted him to Julia Domna?
• What changes did they make to the army? To the empire in general?
• What happened to his sons?
• What are the key art and architecture of Septimius and Caracalla at Rome and their hallmarks (if any)?
• Who ran things during the Severan revival under Elagabalus and Severus Alexander?
• The Barracks Emperors (235-284)
• What are the hallmarks of this time period?
• Diocletian (also Kebric, Chapter 9)
• The 'title' of the emperor changed from princeps to what?
• How did he change the governing/organization of the empire?
• How did he treat the Christians?
• What did Diocletian do in regard to prices, wages, freedom of profession, and freedom of movement?
• The role of the citizen was to provide what two things?
• Constantine (also Kebric, Chapter 9)
• What was Constantine's position in regard to Christianity?
• Where did he move the capital to?
• How was the art and architecture of Constantine reflective of his age?

Possible Essay Questions:
 

1. Life in the empire: Would you have wanted to live in Roman world during the empire? Answer the question:
1) focusing on at least two of the following topics: old age, entertainment, political/economic system/times.
2) using the information you have gained from the physical remains (including graffiti) which we have examined from Pompeii, Herculaneum, et al. and, if you wish, from these authors: Juvenal, Petronius, & Pliny.
2. Art & Architecture: How did the emperors use art and architecture to promote certain key themes? Discuss for Trajan and one or two of the following: the Flavian dynasty, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, the Severan dynasty, and Constantine.
3. Religion: How is the religious experience/life of a 'typical' Roman, an adherent of a mystery religion/cult, and a Christian alike and different? Answer this question using the information from we have covered since the last exam as your sources (i.e. lecture notes, Tingay, Chapter 17, the first-hand accounts in Kebric, Chapter 9, and the selections in Bailkey and Mack).

Take-home version of the final: Write three 700-1000 word essays on three of the topics given below. (Don't forget to post a copy in addition to turning in a paper copy)
 

1. Life in the empireI: Would you have wanted to live in Roman world during the empire? Answer the question focusing on three to four of the following topics: old age, entertainment, political/economic system/times, and art & architecture.
2. Life in the Empire II: Would you have wanted to live in the Roman world during the empire based on what you know about their daily life? Answer this question using the information you have gained from the authors (Juvenal, Petronius, & Pliny) and from the physical remains (including graffiti) which we have examined from Pompeii, Herculaneum, et al. (if you write on Life in the Empire I, make sure you do not discuss/present the same material )
3. Art & Architecture: How did the emperors use art (including coins) and architecture to promote key themes of their reigns? Discuss for Septimius Severus (you may include his family as well) and one or two other emperors (or imperial family, i.e. emperor and wife and/or kids).
4. Religion: How is the religious experience/life of a 'typical' Roman, an adherent of a mystery religion/cult, and a Christian alike and different? Answer this question using the information from we have covered since the last exam as your sources (i.e. lecture notes, Tingay, Chapter 17, the first-hand accounts in Kebric, Chapter 9, and the selections in Bailkey and Mack).